This post on Intense Pulsed Light Therapy (IPL) was written in collaboration with (and not sponsored by) Mainline Instruments. IPL for dry eye treatment is an emerging topic that both Mainline Instruments and myself would like to highlight to readers of The Eye Care Advocate. This is to ensure you are aware of further treatment options for your dry eye patients. Mainline Instruments also are suppliers of the Envision by InMode platform. This platform features both IPL for dry eye and radiofrequency treatments – of which is discussed in more detail within the article. Note, this article is for information and does not constitute bespoke medical advice – always work within your scope of practice.
Every optometrist knows the feeling. A patient sits in your chair, exasperated. They’ve tried every lubricant, every gel, every ointment. They’ve been diligent with their warm compresses and lid wipes, but they are still suffering from the chronic, debilitating symptoms of Dry Eye Disease (DED).
As a locum, I have found it to be particularly frustrating. It’s hard to establish the continuity of care these patients need. We give them our best advice, but we know that for many, compliance with a complex daily routine is difficult. The relief they get is often temporary. This is the “end of the road” feeling. A shared frustration for both the clinician and the patient. It’s in these moments that we know we need to look beyond the bottle for a more effective, long-term solution.
A Changing Landscape for Dry Eye Disease
The landscape of our understanding has shifted dramatically in recent years. This is largely thanks to the landmark reports from the Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society’s Dry Eye Workshop, known as TFOS DEWS. This global group of experts brought together all the research to create a new definition and classification for dry eye, moving us beyond the simplistic idea of it being just a lack of tears1.
We now know that the vast majority of cases – perhaps as many as 86%2 -are primarily evaporative, driven by Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD). This understanding has opened the door to a new class of treatments that target the root cause of the problem. One of the most exciting and evidence-based of these is Intense Pulsed Light (IPL). IPL is a technology that is transforming how we manage DED and offering real hope to our long-suffering patients. This is a guide to understanding IPL for dry eye.
The Vicious Cycle of MGD and the Limits of Traditional Care
To appreciate the impact of IPL for dry eye, we first need to understand the problem it is designed to solve. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction is a chronic and progressive condition. It begins with hyperkeratinisation3 (a build-up of keratin, a type of protein) around the gland openings on the eyelid margin, leading to blockage of the ducts.
The meibum, which should be a clear, olive oil-like lipid that forms the top layer of our tears, becomes thick and waxy, like toothpaste4. This stasis leads to gland dilation, inflammation, and eventually, atrophy or “drop-out” of the glands themselves5. The result is a deficient lipid layer on the tear film, which leads to rapid tear evaporation. This increased evaporation causes tear film hyperosmolarity (the tears becoming too salty and concentrated), which in turn triggers a cascade of inflammation across the ocular surface. This inflammation further damages the meibomian glands. It creates a self-perpetuating “vicious cycle” of damage and discomfort6.
Traditional first-line therapies, like lubricants and warm compresses, are vital. They provide symptomatic relief and are a great basis of management. But for many patients, they are not enough to break this cycle.
Patient compliance with a twice-daily hot compress routine can be poor, and the efficacy of over-the-counter drops can be limited. As clinicians, we needed a more powerful tool to intervene directly in the inflammatory process and restore gland function. This is the clinical need that IPL for dry eye is perfectly positioned to fill.
Introducing Light-Based Therapy: How IPL for Dry Eye Works
Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy is not a new technology. It has been used safely and effectively in dermatology for decades to treat conditions like rosacea and for various aesthetic procedures7.
Its application in eye care is a more recent, but revolutionary, development. When I explain it to a patient, I describe how a carefully controlled, filtered spectrum of light is delivered in gentle pulses to the skin around the eyelids.
This light energy has several key effects. Firstly, it is absorbed by the tiny, abnormal blood vessels, known as telangiectasia, on the lid margins that release inflammatory chemicals. The light generates heat, which gently closes off these vessels7,8, reducing the source of the inflammation that drives MGD.
Secondly, this photothermal effect (photo meaning ‘light’, thermal meaning ‘heat’) warms the eyelids from within. This heat gently melts the thick, waxy meibum that is blocking the glands, returning it to its healthy, oily consistency9. This makes it much easier to express the blocked meibum and restore the natural flow of lipids to the tear film.
Beyond these primary effects, the evidence suggests IPL for dry eye also has other benefits. It can reduce the bacterial load on the eyelids10. It can even help to eradicate the Demodex mites11,12 that are often a contributing factor in blepharitis and MGD. IPL is a multi-modal treatment that tackles several aspects of the dry eye cycle at once.
The Evidence for IPL for Dry Eye
As a clinician, my interest in any new technology is always guided by the evidence. I have been impressed by the growing body of high-quality research supporting the use of IPL for dry eye.
When we talk about strong evidence, we often look for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. These are studies that collect and analyse the results of multiple previous randomised controlled trials to provide a powerful overall conclusion.
A 2023 meta-analysis by Qin et al.13, published in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, reviewed 49 relevant articles and concluded that IPL is a safe and efficient therapy that significantly improves both the signs and symptoms of MGD-related dry eye. The analysis showed a significant improvement in patient-reported symptom scores (like the OSDI – Ocular Surface Disease Index) and a significant increase in objective clinical signs like Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT)14,15, which is how long the tear film remains stable after a blink.
Another systematic review and meta-analysis by Demolin et al. (2023)16 in the Journal of Clinical Medicine further solidified these findings. This review, which included 11 randomised controlled trials, found that IPL had a strong, statistically significant positive effect on tear film stability. The authors noted that factors like patient age and the specific device used can influence the results, highlighting the importance of personalised treatment protocols.
The key takeaway from this wealth of research is clear: IPL for dry eye is not an experimental or “new-age” treatment. It is a robust, evidence-based procedure with a proven track record of improving both the clinical signs and the quality of life for our dry eye patients.
Integrating Advanced Technology: The Envision by InMode Platform
As the scope of UK optometry continues to expand, we are taking on more of the clinical work that was once the sole domain of ophthalmology. In order to do this effectively, we need access to some of the best technology.
When it comes to building a state-of-the-art dry eye clinic, the Envision by InMode platform, available from Mainline Instruments, represents the cutting edge of this technology.
It is a comprehensive solution that goes beyond standard IPL. The Envision by InMode is a multi-modal platform that combines both IPL for treating inflammation and MGD with transcutaneous Radiofrequency (RF) for targeted, deep tissue heating17. RF is a type of energy that can safely penetrate the skin to deliver a controlled, uniform heat deep into the tissues where the meibomian glands are located.
The RF component is particularly exciting. A 2023 prospective cohort trial published in The Open Ophthalmology Journal specifically studied the Forma-I handpiece of the Envision by InMode platform17. The study found that a single RF treatment, combined with meibomian gland expression (the process of gently squeezing the glands to clear the melted blockages), resulted in significant improvements across all measured endpoints. This included subjective symptom questionnaires like the SPEED (Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness) score, as well as objective signs like TBUT and corneal staining.
These improvements were sustained for at least six months. For a practice looking to invest in a platform that offers a complete, evidence-based solution for MGD, the Envision by InMode is a compelling choice. It provides two powerful, synergistic technologies in one device. This allows for a truly customised approach to patient care.
Patient Selection: Who is an Ideal Candidate for IPL?
Proper patient selection is the first and most critical step in achieving successful outcomes with IPL for dry eye. A thorough diagnostic work-up is essential to confirm that the patient’s dry eye symptoms are primarily driven by MGD.
The ideal candidate is a patient with moderate to severe evaporative dry eye who has failed to find adequate relief with conventional first-line therapies. They will typically present with clinical signs such as lid margin telangiectasia, inspissated (congealed) meibomian glands, a rapid tear break-up time, and a poor quality lipid layer18.
Meibography showing gland truncation or drop-out further strengthens their candidacy. Patients with co-existing ocular rosacea18,19 are often excellent candidates, as the IPL will treat the underlying cutaneous inflammation that is a major driver of their MGD.
It is also a valuable option for patients who struggle with compliance for at-home treatments and are seeking a more effective, less frequent in-office procedure. The key is to identify the patient whose dry eye pathology directly matches the mechanisms of action of IPL.
Contraindications: When is IPL for Dry Eye Not Appropriate?
Patient safety is paramount. A crucial part of the pre-treatment consultation is a thorough assessment for any contraindications that would make IPL an unsafe or inappropriate choice.
The most significant of these relates to skin type. Because the light energy is absorbed by melanin, IPL is not suitable for patients with darker skin tones, specifically Fitzpatrick skin types V and VI, due to a high risk of causing burns or pigmentary changes20.
The procedure is also contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding20. A detailed medical history is required to screen for other red flags. This includes any history of sunburn20, skin cancer or the presence of suspicious moles or lesions in the periorbital area that will be treated.
Certain systemic autoimmune conditions that affect the skin, as well as the use of photosensitising medications20, may also preclude a patient from treatment.
Finally, the ocular surface must be free from any active infection20, and the patient should not have had any recent ocular surgery or significant trauma. A comprehensive checklist and a detailed consent process are essential parts of the clinical protocol.
Side Effects and Complications: Managing Patient Expectations
It is our professional duty to ensure patients have a full and honest understanding of any potential side effects before they consent to treatment. The good news is that when performed correctly on a suitable candidate, IPL for dry eye is a very safe procedure with a low risk profile.
The meta-analysis by Qin et al. (2023)13 reviewed 49 studies and found that adverse events were mild and transient in the small number of cases where they occurred. The most common side effects are temporary and mild, including erythema (redness) and a sensation of warmth in the treated area, which typically resolves within a few hours. Some mild oedema, or swelling, may also occur.
More serious complications are very rare but can include temporary hyper- or hypopigmentation of the skin. There have also been reports of localised madarosis (eyelash loss), which highlights the importance of precise technique and avoiding the lash line.
The mandatory use of correctly placed protective ocular shields is the most critical safety step, ensuring no light energy enters the eye itself, thereby protecting the cornea, lens, and retina from any potential harm.
The Patient Journey and the Importance of a Holistic Approach to Dry Eye
Integrating a device like the Envision by InMode into your practice requires a shift in mindset. This is not a standalone “magic bullet.” As the research clearly shows, the best results from IPL for dry eye are achieved when it is part of a holistic, ongoing management plan.
The typical patient journey will involve an initial course of three to four IPL sessions, often spaced a few weeks apart. Crucially, each IPL session should be followed by therapeutic meibomian gland expression21. The IPL liquefies the solidified meibum, but it is the expression that clears the glands and restores function. It’s a vital one-two punch.
Managing patient expectations is also key. We need to educate them that DED is a chronic condition, and that IPL is a highly effective treatment, not a permanent cure. They will likely need top-up or maintenance sessions over time.
The goal is to break the vicious cycle of inflammation and get their symptoms under control, but they must continue with their supportive home care, such as good lid hygiene and appropriate lubricants, to maintain the benefits. This comprehensive approach, combining advanced in-office procedures with ongoing patient education, is the future of effective dry eye management.
Building the Dry Eye Clinic of the Future with IPL for Dry Eye
For practice owners and forward-thinking optometrists, investing in advanced technology like the Envision by InMode is about more than just treating a single condition. It is about building a specialist service that sets your practice apart.
It allows you to provide a higher level of clinical care, offering solutions to patients who have been suffering for years. This builds incredible patient loyalty and generates powerful word-of-mouth referrals.
Some within the industry have mentioned the concept of a “medispa,” combining clinical eye care with aesthetic treatments. Personally, I believe we need to be cautious here and ensure we are always seen as healthcare professionals first. However, the fact that the Envision by InMode platform has its roots in aesthetics means it is engineered to a very high standard of patient comfort and experience. This allows us to offer evidence-based medical treatments in a comfortable, patient-centric environment.
My advice to any undergraduate student today is that you must be prepared to move “beyond the bottle.” The future of our profession lies in expanding our clinical scope. Being aware of and actively learning about advanced treatments like IPL for dry eye, and the technology that delivers it, will keep you ahead of the game and bolster the services you can provide to your patients.
Conclusion: A Clearer Future for Our Patients
The frustration of managing chronic dry eye is a shared one. For too long, our options were limited, and our patients were left to cycle through an endless array of drops and compresses with limited success.
The development and validation of IPL for dry eye has changed that. We now have a safe, effective, and powerful tool to directly intervene in the inflammatory cycle of MGD, offering long-lasting relief and restoring quality of life for our patients. Platforms like the Envision by InMode represent the pinnacle of this technology, providing a comprehensive, multi-modal solution for the modern dry eye clinic.
By embracing these advancements, we can move beyond simply managing symptoms and start truly treating the disease.
To learn more about how the Envision by InMode platform can transform your dry eye services, I encourage you to contact Mainline Instruments today.
Frequently Asked Questions
Dry Eye and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Why are traditional treatments for dry eye often not enough?
Many patients with chronic Dry Eye Disease (DED) feel exasperated because, despite using lubricants, gels, and ointments, they still suffer. Compliance with routines like warm compresses can be difficult, and the relief is often temporary. These traditional first-line therapies provide symptomatic relief but may not be enough to break the “vicious cycle” of inflammation for many patients.
What is the main cause of most dry eye cases?
The understanding of dry eye has shifted, particularly thanks to the TFOS DEWS II and III reports. We now know that the vast majority of cases, estimated as high as 86%, are primarily evaporative. This evaporative dry eye is driven by Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD).
How does Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) lead to dry eye symptoms?
MGD is a chronic and progressive condition. It starts with hyperkeratinisation, which blocks the gland ducts. This causes the meibum, which should be clear and oily, to become thick and waxy, like toothpaste. This stasis leads to gland dilation, inflammation, and eventually atrophy. This results in a deficient lipid layer, rapid tear evaporation, and the subsequent symptoms of dry eye.
What is the “vicious cycle” in dry eye disease?
The “vicious cycle” describes the self-perpetuating nature of MGD-related dry eye. The poor lipid layer leads to rapid tear evaporation. This increased evaporation causes the tear film to become hyperosmolar (too salty). This hyperosmolarity then triggers a cascade of inflammation across the ocular surface, which in turn causes further damage to the meibomian glands, perpetuating the cycle.
How IPL for Dry Eye Works
What is IPL for dry eye, and how is it delivered by a platform like the Envision by InMode?
Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) for dry eye is a light-based therapy that has been used in dermatology for decades to treat conditions like rosacea. In eye care, it involves delivering a carefully controlled, filtered spectrum of light in gentle pulses to the skin around the eyelids. Platforms like the Envision by InMode are advanced, multi-modal devices used to deliver this IPL for dry eye treatment, often combining it with other technologies like Radiofrequency (RF).
How does IPL for dry eye actually treat MGD and inflammation?
IPL for dry eye has two primary effects. First, the light energy is absorbed by abnormal blood vessels (telangiectasia) on the lid margins. The heat generated gently closes off these vessels, which reduces the source of inflammatory chemicals that drive MGD. Second, the photothermal effect warms the eyelids, melting the thick, waxy meibum blocking the glands.
What is the ‘photothermal effect’ of IPL for dry eye?
The photothermal (light-heat) effect is a key mechanism of IPL for dry eye. The light energy warms the eyelids from within, gently melting the inspissated (thick, waxy) meibum that is blocking the meibomian glands. This returns the meibum to its healthy, oily consistency, making it much easier to express.
Does IPL for dry eye have any other benefits besides treating MGD?
Yes, beyond the primary effects on inflammation and meibum, evidence suggests IPL for dry eye has other benefits. It can help reduce the bacterial load on the eyelids and may also help eradicate Demodex mites. These are often a contributing factors in blepharitis and MGD. This makes it a multi-modal treatment that tackles several parts of the dry eye cycle simultaneously.
The Evidence and Technology Supporting IPL for Dry Eye
Is there strong evidence to support using IPL for dry eye?
Yes, IPL for dry eye is not considered experimental. It is a robust, evidence-based procedure. There is a growing body of high-quality research, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, that supports its use. These studies collectively analyse results from multiple randomised controlled trials to provide powerful overall conclusions.
What do recent meta-analyses say about the efficacy of IPL for MGD-related dry eye?
A 2023 meta-analysis by Qin et al. reviewed 49 articles and concluded that IPL is a safe and efficient therapy for MGD-related dry eye. It showed significant improvement in both patient-reported symptom scores (like OSDI) and objective clinical signs, such as Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT). Another 2023 review by Demolin et al. confirmed a strong, statistically significant positive effect on tear film stability.
What is the Envision by InMode platform and how does it relate to IPL for dry eye?
The Envision by InMode platform, available from Mainline Instruments, is described as a cutting-edge, comprehensive solution for a dry eye clinic. It is a multi-modal platform that is used to deliver IPL for dry eye to treat inflammation and MGD. It also combines this with transcutaneous Radiofrequency (RF) for targeted, deep tissue heating.
How does the Envision by InMode platform differ from a standard IPL for dry eye device?
A standard IPL for dry eye device typically only uses Intense Pulsed Light. The Envision by InMode is a multi-modal platform that combines both IPL for dry eye and transcutaneous Radiofrequency (RF) in one device. This allows the clinician to use IPL to treat inflammation and MGD, and also use RF to deliver controlled, uniform heat deep into the tissues where the meibomian glands are located.
Is there specific evidence for the Envision by InMode platform’s effectiveness in treating dry eye, beyond just its IPL for dry eye component?
Yes. The Radiofrequency (RF) component of the Envision by InMode platform has been studied specifically. A 2023 prospective cohort trial looked at the Forma-I handpiece (RF). It found that a single RF treatment, when combined with meibomian gland expression, resulted in significant improvements in both subjective dry eye symptom scores (SPEED) and objective signs like TBUT and corneal staining. These improvements were sustained for at least six months.
What is the benefit of the Envision by InMode platform’s Radiofrequency (RF) for dry eye compared to a standard IPL for dry eye treatment?
While IPL for dry eye provides a photothermal effect to warm the glands, the Radiofrequency (RF) component of the Envision by InMode platform is a synergistic technology specifically designed for targeted, deep tissue heating. RF energy can safely penetrate the skin to deliver a controlled, uniform heat deep into the tissues where the meibomian glands are located, which is a powerful way to liquefy blockages.
Patient Selection & Safety
Who is the ideal candidate for IPL for dry eye treatment?
Proper patient selection is critical. A full work-up must confirm MGD is the main cause of their dry eye. The ideal candidate has moderate to severe evaporative dry eye. They have not found relief from conventional first-line therapies. They often show signs like lid margin telangiectasia, inspissated glands and a rapid TBUT.
Who should not receive IPL for dry eye? (Contraindications)
Patient safety is paramount. A thorough assessment for contraindications is essential. IPL is not for patients with darker skin tones (Fitzpatrick skin types V and VI). It is also contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Other red flags include a history of skin cancer or suspicious lesions in the treatment area. Use of photosensitising medications is also a red flag. Certain autoimmune conditions may prevent treatment. Active ocular infection or recent ocular surgery are also contraindications.
Why is Fitzpatrick skin types V and VI a contraindication for IPL?
The light energy used in IPL is absorbed by melanin, so it is not suitable for patients with darker skin tones. This includes Fitzpatrick skin types V and VI. Using IPL on these skin types carries a high risk as it can cause burns or pigmentary changes.
What are the rare but more serious complications of IPL for dry eye?
More serious complications from IPL are very rare. They can include temporary skin pigmentation changes. Localised madarosis (eyelash loss) has also been reported. This highlights the importance of precise technique. Clinicians must avoid the lash line during treatment.
Mainline Instruments
Why did you collaborate with Mainline Instruments for this article?
They are a well known and trusted brand, with personable team members. The Mainline Instruments team have a presence in many conferences, CPD events and equipment fairs. This presence makes them accessible for both sales and aftersale queries.
I have also noticed that many organisers of these events, as well as their delegates, have a great relationship with the team and rate them all highly. With a shared view on trust and honesty, collaboration with Mainline Instruments seemed a natural decision.
Where can I contact Mainline Instruments?
Mainline Instruments can be contacted by:
Website
https://www.main-line.co.uk
Phone
0121 458 6800
e-mail
sales@main-line.co.uk
Where can I find out more about the Envision by Inmode platform?
You can find out further information about the Envision by Inmode platform by contacting Mainline Instruments – or by viewing the product on their website here: Envision by Inmode
Do Mainline Instruments supply other instrumentation beyonf IPL for dry eye?
Yes. Mainline Instruments sell a wide range of optometric and ophthalmic equipment – ranging from opticial coherence tomographers to tonometers. To find out more about what Mainline Instruments can provide for your practice, contact them on their website, or browse their online catalogue.
References
The following resources were used to write this article. Please consider accessing them for further information regarding IPL for dry eye.
- Nelson JD, Craig JP, Akpek EK, Azar DT, Belmonte C, et al. (2017). TFOS DEWS II introduction. The Ocular Surface 15(3): 269-275.
- Lemp MA, Crews LA, Bron AJ, Foulks GN, Sullivan BD (2012). Distribution of aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye in a clinic-based patient cohort: a retrospective study. Cornea 31(5): 472-478.
- Knop E, Knop N, Millar T, Obata H, Sullivan DA (2011). The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the meibomian gland. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 52(4): 1938-1978.
- Borchman D (2019). The physical chemistry of meibomian gland lipids in health and disease. The Ocular Surface 17(3): 396-410.
- Chhadva P, Goldhardt R, and Galor A (2017). Meibomian gland disease: the role of gland dysfunction in dry eye disease. Ophthalmology 124(11): S20-S26.
- Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, et al. (2017). TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. The Ocular Surface 15(3): 438-510.
- Mark KA, Sparacio RM, Voigt A, Marenus K, Sarnoff DS (2003). Objective and quantitative improvement of rosacea-associated erythema after intense pulsed light treatment. Dermatologic Surgery 29(6): 600-604.
- Prieto VG, Sadick NS, Lloreta J, Nicholson J, Shea CR (2002). Effects of intense pulsed light on sun-damaged human skin: routine and ultrastructural analysis. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 30(2): 82-85.
- Liu R, Rong B, Tu P, Tang Y, Song W, et al. (2017). Intense pulsed light for the treatment of refractory meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea 36(3): 326-331.
- Dell SJ (2017). Intense pulsed light for evaporative dry eye disease. Clinical Ophthalmology 11: 1167–1173.
- Cheng S, Jiang F, Chen H, Gao H, Huang Y (2019). Intense pulsed light therapy for patients with meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular demodex infestation. Current Medical Science 39: 800-809.
- Fishman HA, Periman LM, Shah AA. Real-time video microscopy of In Vitro demodex death by intense pulsed light. Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery 38(8): 472-478.
- Qin G, Chen J, Li L, Zhang Q, Xu L, Yu S, and He W et al (2023). Efficacy of intense pulsed light therapy on signs and symptoms of dry eye disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 71(4): 1316-1325.
- Craig JP, Chen YH, Turnbull PR (2015). Prospective trial of intense pulsed light for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 56(3): 1965-1970.
- Arita R, Fukuoka S, Morishige N (2019). Therapeutic efficacy of intense pulsed light in patients with refractory meibomian gland dysfunction. The Ocular Surface 17(1): 104-110.
- Demolin L, Es-Safi M, Soyfoo MS, and Motulsky E (2023). Intense pulsed light therapy in the treatment of dry eye diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine 12(8): 3039.
- Paul S, Cohen A, Parsa K, Jaccoma E, Burrell K, and Carruthers J (2023). Transcutaneous radiofrequency-mediated meibomian gland expression is an effective treatment for dry eye: a prospective cohort trial. The Open Ophthalmology Journal 17: e187436412302280.
- Dell SJ (2017). Intense pulsed light for evaporative dry eye disease. Clinical Ophthalmology 11: 1167-1173.
- Kassir R, Kolluru A, Kassir M (2011). Intense pulsed light for the treatment of rosacea and telangiectasias. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy 13(5): 216-222.
- Kassir R, Kolluru A, Kassir M (2011). Intense pulsed light for the treatment of rosacea and telangiectasias. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy 13(5): 216-222.
- Vegunta S, Patel D, Shen JF (2016). Combination therapy of intense pulsed light therapy and meibomian gland expression (IPL/MGX) can improve dry eye symptoms and meibomian gland function in patients with refractory dry eye: A retrospective analysis. Cornea 35(3): 318-322.
I would like to take the time to say thank you to Jeff Landucci and Andrew Bendall of Mainline Instruments for their assistance in creating this article.
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